吸入式气管滴注法的建立

目的:建立一种廉价、高效的呼吸道给药或染毒方法。方法:24只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机平均分为两组,分别进行鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注。24只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为两组,分别给予非暴露式气管滴注和吸入式气管滴注。小鼠每只滴注50μL生理盐水,大鼠每只滴注100μL生理盐水;每组中取1只动物按相应方法滴注用生理盐水配制的含体积分数50%的蓝墨水,解剖观察肺部形态,评价滴注效果;记录操作时间(从麻醉结束至滴注完成)和成功率。结果:小鼠鼻腔滴注的操作时间为(92.6±5.4)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(25.2±4.0)s;大鼠非暴露式气管滴注操作时间为(102.6±6.5)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(39.9±3.3)s;吸入式气管滴注操作时间均明显较短(t=35.042、29.849,P<0.001)。吸入式气管滴注组小鼠和非暴露式气管滴注组大鼠的肺组织散在分布蓝色印迹,而鼻腔滴注组小鼠的肺部着色不明显;鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注的成功率为100%,而非暴露式气管滴注的成功率为83.7%。结论:吸入式气管滴注兼具廉价、快捷、无创、高效的优点,可广泛应用于呼吸道给药或染毒实验以及疾病模型的建立。     

Traumatic Lingual Hematoma Resulting in Bilateral Temporal Mandibular Joint Dislocations

Background

Lingual hematoma (LH) is a relatively uncommon entity seen after both medical and traumatic etiologies. Regardless of the cause, the feared complication is acute airway obstruction.

Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates

A pool of 146 mobile intensive care unit paramedics was divided into four equal groups and trained in the technique of direct laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation of cardiac arrest or deeply comatose patients. Group 1 was selected from supervisors and crew chiefs and trained as preceptors. The remaining paramedics were assigned to three other study groups. Groups 1 and 2 were trained with a didactic presentation followed by manikin practice, an animal laboratory exercise, and operating room experience. Group 3 had no OR experience; Group 4 had only didactic/manikin training. Intubations were observed by preceptors on scene. During the study period of 27 months, 689 of 763 patients (90.3%) were successfully intubated by 122 paramedics. While results suggest variation in skill levels according to training group (Group 1, 92.4%; Group 2, 87.6%, Group 3, 83.3%; Group 4, 76.9%), statistical analysis allowing for the variables of seniority and number of intubations performed by personnel failed to reveal differences in groups attributable to training programs. Complication rates were relatively low for all groups, the most common being prolonged intubation attempts. A significant improvement in the skill was seen as the study progressed when groups are pooled and compared. The findings suggest that endotracheal intubation of deeply comatose or cardiac arrest patients is a field procedure that can be performed safely and skillfully by well-monitored paramedical personnel. Operating room or animal laboratory experience may increase initial success levels, but these factors do not appear to greatly influence eventual performance or incidence of complications of the procedure.     

支架置入治疗气管恶性狭窄

目的 探讨气管内支架留置的方法,及观察自胀式金属内支架在气管恶性狭窄中的疗效。方法 12例患者全部采用在透视下．经口、喉、气道内支架留置术。结果 患者呼吸困难在支架留置后即刻改善。l2例均获成功．没有技术上失败。结论 气管恶性狭窄的内支架留置术安全、有效．能明显提高患者的生活质量。     

Pharmacological strategies to prevent haemodynamic changes after intubation in parturient women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A network meta-analysis

Objective: This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to determine the relative efficacy and safety of pharmacological strategies used to mitigate haemodynamic instability by intubation for general anaesthesia in hypertensive parturient women undergoing caesarean section.Methods: We considered randomised controlled studies comparing the effects of pharmacological strategies used to alleviate haemodynamic instability during intubation in parturient women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The primary endpoints were maximum blood pressure and heart rate after intubation, and secondary endpoints were the Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min. NMA allowed us to combine direct and indirect comparisons between strategies.Results: Twelve studies evaluating nine pharmacological strategies in 619 patients were included. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, the maximal mean arterial pressure was lowest for high-dose remifentanil (99.4%) followed by nitroglycerin (73.6%) and labetalol (60.9%). The maximal heart rate was lowest for labetalol (99.9%) followed by high dose of remifentanil (81.2%) and fentanyl (61.6%). Apgar score at 1 min was higher with low-dose than with high-dose remifentanil (mean difference, 0.726; 95% confidence interval, 0.056 to 1.396; I²=0.0%).Conclusions: High-dose remifentanil produces minimum blood pressure changes, while labetalol is most effective in maintaining normal heart rate in parturient women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy during caesarean section under general anaesthesia.     

Tracheal Stenosis after Tracheostomy

INTRODUCTIONTracheal stenosis is a late and usually non-life threatening complication of surgical and percutaneous tracheostomies (PDT) as well as delayed endotracheal extubation.METHODSWe undertook a retrospective review of all patients who underwent a surgical tracheostomy over a 10 year period. Patients were included in the study if they had CT or MRI imaging of the tracheostomy site both pre-operatively and six or more weeks post operatively. Patients whose imaging was not available were excluded (n = 3) as were those patients who still had a tracheostomy in situ (n = 8). In total 91 patients were included in the study. In the same period 1170 surgical tracheostomies were performed by the maxillofacial surgeons. The images were analysed by a radiologist and the degree of stenosis reported.RESULTSAll 91 patients underwent a tracheostomy with a window. 83 patients did not demonstrate any stenosis. Looking at the remaining 8 patients with stenosis: 6 patients had stenosis of less than 25%, 1 patient had stenosis between 25-50% and 1 patient had stenosis greater than 50%. Both patients with stenosis greater than 25% had more than one surgical tracheostomy.CONCULSIONWe have shown that the risk of stenosis is 8.8%, lower than often quoted in literature, and when it occurs it is likely to be symptomatic only in severe stenosis. Our main risk of stenosis was repeat surgical tracheostomies which also seems to be linked to a greater degree of stenosis.     

Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review

We reviewed the literature on obstetric failed tracheal intubation from 1970 onwards. The incidence remained unchanged over the period at 2.6 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.2) per 1000 anaesthetics (1 in 390) for obstetric general anaesthesia and 2.3 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.9) per 1000 general anaesthetics (1 in 443) for caesarean section. Maternal mortality from failed intubation was 2.3 (95% CI 0.3 to 8.2) per 100 000 general anaesthetics for caesarean section (one death per 90 failed intubations). Maternal deaths occurred from aspiration or hypoxaemia secondary to airway obstruction or oesophageal intubation. There were 3.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 9.9) front-of-neck airway access procedures (surgical airway) per 100 000 general anaesthetics for caesarean section (one procedure per 60 failed intubations), usually carried out as a late rescue attempt with poor maternal outcomes. Before the late 1990s, most cases were awakened after failed intubation; since the late 1990s, general anaesthesia has been continued in the majority of cases. When general anaesthesia was continued, a laryngeal mask was usually used but with a trend towards use of a second-generation supraglottic airway device. A prospective study of obstetric general anaesthesia found that transient maternal hypoxaemia occurred in over two-thirds of cases of failed intubation, usually without sequelae. Pulmonary aspiration occurred in 8% but the rate of maternal intensive care unit admission after failed intubation was the same as that after uneventful general anaesthesia. Poor neonatal outcomes were often associated with preoperative fetal compromise, although failed intubation and lowest maternal oxygen saturation were independent predictors of neonatal intensive care unit admission.